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SMT Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in St. Paul, Minnesota Carbon and Nitrogen Storage are Greater under Biennial Tillage in a Minnesota Corn-Soybean Rotation. Venterea, Rodney T., Baker, John M., Dolan, Michael S., Spokas, Kurt A., Soil Science Society of America Journal; Madison. http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20171.4.0.302.1590/core/spacer.gif70.5http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20171.4.0.302.1590/core/spacer.gif (Sep/Oct 2006): 1752-1762. Few studies have examined the impacts of rotational tillage regimes on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). We measured the C and N content of soils managed under corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation following 10 and 15 yr of treatments. A conventional tillage (CT) regime employing moldboard and chisel plowing in alternate years was compared with both continuous no-till (NT) and biennial tillage (BT), which employed chisel plowing before soybean only. While masses of C and N in the upper 0.3 m under both BT and NT were higher than CT, only the BT treatment differed from CT when the entire sampled depth (0.6 m) was considered. Decreased C inputs, as indicated by reduced grain yields, may have limited C storage in the NT system. Thus, while more C was apparently retained under NT per unit of C input, some tillage appears necessary in this climate and cropping system to maximize C storage. Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes under NT were greater than CT during a drier than normal year, suggesting that C storage may also be partly constrained under NT due to wetter conditions that promote increased soil respiration. Increased temperature sensitivity of soil respiration with increasing soil moisture was also observed. These findings indicate that long-term biennial chisel plowing for corn-soybean in the upper mid-west USA can enhance C storage, reduce tillage-related fuel costs, and maintain yields compared with more intensive annual tillage. Urea Decreases Nitrous Oxide Emissions Compared with Anhydrous Ammonia in a Minnesota Corn Cropping System. Venterea, Rodney T; Dolan, Michael S; Ochsner, Tyson E. http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20171.4.0.302.1590/core/spacer.gif. Soil Science Society of AmericanJournal; Madison http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20171.4.0.302.1590/core/spacer.gif74.2http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20171.4.0.302.1590/core/spacer.gif (Mar/Apr 2010): 407-418. Quantifying N2O emissions from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields under different fertilizer regimes is essential to developing national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this study was to compare N2O emissions in plots managed for more than 15 yr under continuous corn (C/C) vs. a corn-soybean (C/S) rotation that were fertilized during the corn phase with either anhydrous NH 3 (AA) or urea (U). During three growing seasons, N2O emissions from corn following corn were nearly identical to corn following soybean. In both systems, however, N2O emissions with AA were twice the emissions with U. After accounting for N2O emissions during the soybean phase, it was estimated that a shift from C/S to C/C would result in an increase in annual emissions of 0.78 kg N ha-1 (equivalent to 0.11 Mg CO2-C ha-1) when AA was used, compared with only 0.21 kg N ha-1 (0.03 Mg CO2-C ha-1) with U. In light of trends toward increased use of U, these results suggest that fertilizer-induced soil N2O emissions may decline in the future, at least per unit of applied N, although further study is needed in different soils and cropping systems. While soil CO2 emissions were 20% higher under C/C, crop residue from the prior year did not affect soil inorganic N or dissolved organic C during the subsequent season. We also compared different flux-calculation schemes, including a new method for correcting chamber-induced errors, and found that selection of a calculation method altered N2O emissions estimates by as much as 35%.
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Alternative Rotation Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in Brookings, South Dakota Greenhouse gas fluxes and ancillary data are being measured in a 2-yr corn-soybean rotation (business as usual) and a 4- yr corn-pea-winter wheat-soybean rotation (more sustainable)
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ORPEGN Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in Pendleton, Oregon None
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PHACE Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in Cheyenne, Wyoming None
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Residue Removal Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network and Resilient Economic Agricultural Practices in Brookings, South Dakota None
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PAHAW Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in University Park, Pennsylvania None
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Long-term Crop Rotation Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in Lincoln, Nebraska Lincoln NE Long-term Crop Rotation Project Overview of NEMLTCRS: Long-term Crop Rotation Study (Ithaca, NE) Crop rotation and fertilizer N management are common practices that affect productivity and input use efficiency. Evaluating these practices in a long-term setting provides the opportunity to assess their influence across a wide range of growing conditions and to determine their effect on yield stability (performance across a wide range of environmental conditions). Previous publications from this experiment have evaluated the response of corn, soybean, and sorghum production to these treatments under conventional tillage during an earlier time period (e.g., Peterson and Varvel, 1989a,b,c; Varvel, 2000), concluding that diversified crop rotations generally enhance grain production. Following conversion to no-till, yield trends from 2007 to 2013 indicate that: • Diversified 2- and 4-yr crop rotations increased corn and grain sorghum yields. • Corn and grain sorghum grain yields in 2- and 4-yr rotations were more resilient to variable growing conditions.• Soybean was less sensitive than corn and grain sorghum to crop rotation. Excerpted from: Sindelar et al., 2016 (Agron. J. 108: 1592-1602) viewed as an unfassirable management practice in soybean because it can inhibit nodular:ion (Salvagiotti et aL. 2008). However. responses to early-season fertilizer N are inconsistent. For example. Varvd and Peterson (1992) reported a decrease with fertilizer N input. yet Osborne and Riedell (2006) reported a grain yield increase with fertilizer N addition. Therefore. additional work is needed to clarify this particular response of soybean to early-season N fenilization. Crop rotation and fertilizer N management arc common practices that affect productivity and input use efficiency. Evaluating these practices in a long-term setting provides the opportunity to assess their influence across a wide range of growing conditions and to determine their effect on yield stability (performance across a wide range of environmental conditions). Previous publications from this experiment have evaluated the response acorn. soybean. and sorghum produc-tion to these treatments under conventional tillage during an earlier time period (e.g.. Peterson and VarveL 1989a.b.c: Varvel. 2000). concluding that diversified crop rotations gener-ally enhance grain production. Information has not yet been reported from this study naluacing the treatments under no-till (2007-2013). To our knowledge. no studies have simul-taneously evaluated the stability of continuous and diversified rotations of corn. grain sorghum. and soybean. The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term yield performance. yield stability. and fertilizer N of corn. grain sorghum. and soybean as affected by crop rotation and fertilizer N under no-till in the western Corn Belt. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field experiment was established in 1972 on a Yuan silty clay loam-Tomek salt barn compkx (fine-silty. mired. supaac-tire. mesic Mollie Hapkidalfs and fine. smecutic. mimic Pachic Argiudolls. resik.l.didy) near Ithaca. NE (31•10'N. 96'25'W). Elevation of the site is 366 rn. and mean annual temperature and precipitation arc 10.5*C and 765 mm. respectively. In-season air temperature. soil temperature. precipitation. and open pan evaporation measured on-site during this time period arc shown in Tabk I. The experiment was a randomized complete block design in a split plot arrangement with five replications. Crop rotation was the main ploc, and fertilizer N rate was the split plot. Crop rotations included continuous crops (continuous corn (CC). continuous grain sorghum IGGI. and continuous soybean (SS]). 2-yr (CS and OS) and 4-yr crop rotations (corn-soybean-grain sorghum-ad/clover vocation ((:5C01 and corn-cut/clover - grain sorghum-soybean rotation (COGS]). Continuous rota-tions that also included a fallow treatment were established in 1972 (with three replications). In 1983. the 2- and 4-yr rotation treatments were added. fallow treaunenrs were dropped. and the experiment was expanded to five replications. For the 4-yr rota-tions, all crops were present in the roudon, but the sequences differed. Each phase of every crop rotation was present each year. Fertilizer N treatments were initiated in 1984 and included 0. 90. and 180 kg N ha-1 for corn and grain sorghum and 0.34. and 69 kg N ha-I for soybean and oat/clover. Split plots were 9 m wide (76-an nivrs.n = 12) and 10 m king. The study was annu-ally disked mice in the spring from 1983 until 2006. In 2007. the study was converted to no-till.Agronomy Journal • Volume 108. Issue 4 • 2016 1593.
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Irrigation Residue Removal Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network and Resilient Economic Agricultural Practices in Lincoln, Nebraska USDA-ARS REAP Study (Ithaca, NE) - NEMEIRR Sustainable intensification of high-yielding production systems may help meet increasing demands for food, fuel, and fiber worldwide. Specifically, corn stover is being removed by producers for livestock purposes, and stover is also targeted as a primary 2nd generation biofuel feedstock. The NEMEIRR experimental objectives are to quantify how stover removal (no removal, moderate removal, high removal) and tillage management (no-till, disk) affect crop yields, soil organic carbon, soil greenhouse gas emissions, and other soil responses (microbial community structure, function; soil health). This experiment is conducted in a fully irrigated continuous corn system in the western Corn Belt, and soil and plant measurements have been taken since study establishment in 2001. By: V.L. Jin (1 Sep 2016). (41 9 43.3 N. 96 14 41.4 W; 349 m asl). Thc soil is Tomck silt loam (a fine, smectitic. mesic Pachic Argiudoll) and Filbert silt loam (a fine, smectitie. mesie Verne Argialboll). Long-term (1981-2010) mean annual precipitation is 74 cm and tempera¬ture is 9.8°C The study has been in continuous corn since 2000. Thc experimental design is a randomized complete block with factorial treatments arranged in split plots. The whole-plot factor is tillage treatment (NT or CT) and the subplot factor is none (0%). medium (•35%). and high (40%) stover removal calcu¬lated on a mass basis. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 202 kg N ha-I yr I in 2001. 2002. 2004. 2007. 2008. 2009, and 2010.190 kg N hi t yr-I in 2003. and 168 kg N ha 1 yr- I in 2005 and 2006. Treatments (tillage) and subplot treatments (residue re¬moval levels) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement to whole-plot experimental units (9 by 45.6 m) and subplots within the whole plots (9 by 15.2 m) in six blocks. The previous crop for the entire area in 2000 was corn under rainfcd conditions. Before 2000. the study site was historically cropped with corn, soybean [Glycinc max (L.) Merr.). oat (Arena JoIliM L.), and alfalfa (Maid-ago saliva L). In the spring of 2001, residue was removed from the medium and high stover removal treatments using a flail chopper. The entire study was then disked to remove ridges formed during the previous crop year. In each successive year of the study, only the disk treatment area was tilled to a depth of 15 to 20 cm. usually in the spring before plant¬ing. Irrigation was conducted with a solid set sprinkler system in 2001, then supplemental water applications from 2002 to 2010 were made using a linear-move irrigation system. Irrigation treat¬ments were applied when deemed necessary, with annual rates averaging 12.5 ± 7.0 cm from 2001-2010 (Table I). Glyphosatc-tolerant corn hybrids adapted to eastern Nebraska have been used throughout the study. Corn was plant¬ed with a six-row planter in 76-cm rows at a rate *174.000 viable seeds ha 1, typically during the first week of May. Weed control was accomplished using glyphosate EN-(phosphonomethyl)gly¬eine] and atrazine (6.chloro-N-ethyl-AP-(1-methylethyl)-1.3.5- triazine-2.4-diamine) applications along with in-season cultiva.
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WQFS Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in West Lafayette, Indiana Relative contributions of diverse, managed ecosystems to greenhouse gases are not completely documented. This study was conducted to estimate soil surface fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) as affected by management practices and weather. Gas fluxes were measured by vented, static chambers in Drummer and Raub soil series during two growing seasons. Treatments evaluated were corn cropped continuously (CC) or in rotation with soybean (CS) and fertilized with in-season urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) or liquid swine manure applied in the spring or fall. Soybean (SC) rotated with CS and restored prairie grass (RP) were also included. The CO2 fluxes correlated (P≤0.001) with soil temperature (ρ: 0.74) and accumulated rainfall 120 h before sampling (ρ: 0.53); N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature (ρ: 0.34). Seasonal CO2–C emissions were not different across treatments (4.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1) but differed between years. Manured soils were net seasonal CH4–C emitters (0.159–0.329 kg ha−1 yr−1), whereas CSUAN and CCUAN Treatments significantly influenced seasonal N2O–N emissions (P< 0.001) and ranged from <1.0 kg ha−1yr−1in RP and SC to between 3 and 5 kg ha−1yr−1in CC (fall application) and CSUAN and >8 kg ha−1yr−1in CC (spring application); differences were driven by pulse emissions after N fertilization in concurrence with major rainfall events. These results suggest fall manure application, corn–soybean rotation, and restoration of prairies may diminish N2O emissions and hence contribute to global warming mitigation.
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Biofuel Residue Removal Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network and Resilient Economic Agricultural Practices in Morris, Minnesota The Biofuel Residue Removal experiment was established at Swan Lake Research farm near Morris MN in 2005. It consists of 3 separate experimental sites, one for each of three tillages—Chisel Plow, No Tillage established in 1995 and No Tillage established in 2005. Four residue removal treatments with 4 replicates were established in a corn/soybean rotation where each phase of the rotation was present each year. Each replicate has 8 plots, 4 removal treatments times 2 crops. Residue removal treatments are no removal, half removal, complete removal, and 75 % removal which was changed to cob removal in 2008. The 3 experiments have a total of 96 plots—3 tillages x 4 removal rates x 2 crops x 4 replicates. Greenhouse gas fluxes were measured from spring of 2008 through planting in 2011 in the no and complete removal plots. Root and above ground samples were taken at 75% silk (corn) or R6 (soybean) for plots where greenhouse gasses were measured. Soil samples to 1 meter were taken in 2005 and 2010. Veronica Acosta-Martinez from Lubbock TX measured enzymes and FAME from samples taken in 2008. POM was measured in 2005 and 2009. Erosivity was measured using a rotary sieve in 2011, 2012, and 2013. Corn biomass was sampled at physiological maturity and divided into above ear shank, below ear shank, and cob. It was analyzed for C and N and microwave digested for ICP analysis.